Get Top-Notch Academic Papers From Experts

Get Top-Notch Academic Papers From Experts Do you have critical undertakings? Is your task confounded that you don't see how to begin it? We are a respectable organization that can help you. We have specialists in all fields. They are experienced and have the necessary capabilities for this sort of work. Every one of our experts is a specialist in a particular industry, and we consider that when doling out work. OK love to improve your scholastic execution? Reach us and appreciate the accompanying advantages on quality work: Critical requests We comprehend that understudies can, now and again, need administrations with a quick turnaround. Our organization deals with this by giving your task to a talented yet quick author who can deal with your work between 3-6 hours dependent on the outstanding burden. In any case, you may need to pay more for dire requests. You will follow through on a reasonable cost when you provide us orders with a more drawn out cutoff time. Severe enemy of written falsification strategy Our center goal is to give our customers quality work. We will go the undertaking through a counterfeiting checker before submitting it to you to ensure it is 100% extraordinary. Why Students Ask Us For Help on How to Write an Analytical Essay Understudies face different difficulties in their course of study. One of the critical troubles incorporates presenting their scholastic assignments on schedule. You may neglect to introduce your work on time since you do not have the correct abilities or understand that you have no clue on the best way to handle a scientific assignment. That is the reason we offer administrations that give an incentive for cash. We never miss a cutoff time, and in the event that you feel that your substance needs a couple of changes, it will be accomplished for nothing until you are totally fulfilled. Instructions to Start an Analytical Essay: Guidelines From Experts There are consistently dos and donts in all things. Its a no special case recorded as a hard copy a systematic paper. The most effective method to begin your work decides a ton about its quality. Understudies will in general be clear, with no thought of where to start. Above all else, before you begin forming your venture, you ought to altogether comprehend what your task is about. In straightforward terms, ask yourself What is an investigative paper? Like some other work, your paper ought to be organized in three fundamental parts: the presentation, the body lastly, the finishing up passage, which is basically a rundown of the primary concerns. The presentation ought to consistently target persuading the perusers to be keen on what you are composing. The main sentence should catch the perusers consideration. It must, in this way, be astonishing and energizing. Which ways would you be able to snare the peruser? You can include a facetious inquiry that drives the peruser into intuition with a certain goal in mind. Furthermore, you can incorporate a dubious articulation as this gives a peruser the inclination to know how you are going to help it or how one of a kind your thought is. Thirdly, the understudy can consider introducing some significant insights identified with the point. It is from this initial explanation that the peruser can pass judgment in the event that you realize how to compose a decent diagnostic exposition. Next, include a proposition proclamation. Subsequent to guaranteeing that you have a snare that will draw in the peruser, you have to make a solid case. The proposal articulation ought to be clear. Structure of Paragraphs From a Professional Point of View In a paper, the theory explanation ought to be supported up to demonstrate your cases. In this section, a ton of exploration ought to be done to get information and realities. The investigation should support and answer all inquiries identifying with what you are breaking down, be it a book, a film or some other scholarly work. How you present these thoughts is additionally significant. For example, cause the passages to have stream and ensure each area comprise of three fundamental arrangements of sentences. To start with, consistently compose the point sentence. Also, have sentences with cases and use proof to help those cases. These can be three or significantly more yet ought not make the passage excessively long. Compose the principle thoughts decisively and abstain from skirting the real issue. At long last, have a closing explanation that interfaces what you have talked about in that section and how it identifies with the point sentence. After you have introduced your primary thoughts in the body, one more passage is expected to wrap up your principle articulations: the end. It ought not draw out any new musings and ought not be an immediate duplicate of what you have said in the body. You can relate this to this present reality and perhaps get done with a statement. The closing section is only a short clarification of how to compose an explanatory article bit by bit as it sums up the central matters. Tips for Writing an Analytical Essay from Our Experts Other than comprehending what you have to discuss, understudies need to comprehend and utilize a few hints to guarantee they present perfect work. These tips don't simply make your work quality, yet in addition give you a simple chance to structure and present your substance the perfect way. Note that the structure is as significant as the plans to be shown. Know the Objectives of the Analysis Beforehand As a matter of first importance, you should know the objective of your scientific paper before you start to compose. Leave your aims alone exact, so you don't need to layout heaps of immaterial data. Realizing targets helps present contentions and cases on what you are breaking down. Thoughts can be separated. Proof is then explored and recorded. Your teacher can pick a theme for you, or it very well may be surrendered over to you. In the event that its upon you, the better. Ensures you choose what you are increasingly acquainted about. For example, on account of a film, pick the character that rouses you more. Choosing an enthusiastic point facilitates your work, and makes it simpler to realize how to start a logical article. Conceptualize and Select a Thesis Statement Picking a proposal explanation can likewise be trying for untalented understudies. To start with, give yourself an opportunity to conceptualize and layout thoughts of your subject of intrigue. Pick the primary ideas and any writings encompassing it and don't rush to disperse different thoughts that appear to be insignificant. Continuously guarantee that you have proof for what you are introducing. 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Business process reengineering Essay

This article is about business process reengineering. business forms we can say is the center errands that are done in divisions in an association for a definitive objective of conveying an item and a top notch one at that and administrations as per the general inclination of the client. Business process reengineering is the demonstrating of the current handled to direct the association towards better execution. This isn't viewed as done over an extensive stretch of time but instead it is something which is done without a moment's delay so in a manner there is a difference in the state of affairs done yet the point is to thought of a superior path for a superior advantage. Instances of business forms is the way where data streams in an organization,management, departmental undertakings,, that is the deals and promoting, creation, just as operational and specialized help. Business process reengineering procedure is to improve the business upper hand. In conversation is its extension and quality. In thought is the size of the business close by the arrangement of the market. Its principle point is improving the current business procedures and perceives how they improve a business much than it was previously. We can likewise call it business change whereby the current association changes the manner in which work is finished with a method of improving the administrations also diminishing the expenses. It is additionally planned for enhancing the current business; forms and keep up the ones which are applicable as they are while simultaneously limiting or disposing of those that don't increase the value of the association. The article additionally talks about hierarchical culture. An association is a work setting which involves representatives. These might be in various divisions e. g. deals and showcasing, creation, and transport office. These offices are associated and they bolster each other in their capacities. Their primary point is for the association to accomplish its objectives and targets. It contains representatives who are the HR. Culture in itself is convictions, standards, perspectives, qualities and encounters of an association and the individuals who work there. Authoritative culture is the state of affairs done there. There is a pattern of the manner in which the administration works and the manner in which individuals act and the way in which they work. A case of an association culture is the job culture where accentuation is laid on the fixation on the errand completed. Cooperation is additionally is a kind of culture where assignments are practiced by a gathering of individuals cooperating with a shared objective. They anyway function as a tea m yet this they do so as to accomplish the association objectives and goals all in all. This is the investigation of the current business forms in which case is how assignments are completed in an association and moving in the direction of changing them and executing the new procedure with the point improving items and administrations that the association offers. A gathering of procedures are watched whereby singular assignments are allotted to a group with a wide scope of mastery to achieve with the primary point of accomplishing the association objectives and goals. It is additionally planned for improving the association productivity and adequacy. The primary point of BPR is to expand an association upper hand and another serious edge. An association can accomplish its objectives a new through business process reengineering since it is all around great. Cost is the cost at which the final result is sold for. In cost procedure the thought is to infiltrate the market with a low cost while simultaneously offering the standard quality item and far and away superior to that of the contender however a lower cost. This will be believed to give an association the serious edge. The key issue is to keep up the nature of the item while liasing with all the division s so as to guarantee that no matter what the expense is decreased from the advertising office to the creation office. Cost decrease ought to be considered in all parts of the association and in the entire business process all in all . this will empower the association to arrive at the customer with an excellent item and a t an ideal cost. Another association procedure is creation. This is the change of the crude materials into an item. The association has a plant wherein there is manual apparatus which is utilized in the creation procedure. Human exertion is considered in stacking the materials some of them onto the apparatus for creation. Proficiency is required so as to guarantee that the item toward the day's end is set up on schedule and furthermore ought to be of the standard quality. Consistently the association should look for approaches to guarantee that the expenses of creation are kept at the base so as to guarantee that the item arrives at the market at a low cost, so as to appreciate an upper hand. This is the modernized utilization of hardware. The apparatus in the association is controlled utilizing PCs and all the creation forms are PC controlled. This will guarantee that the item is of great, speed will be expanded since the machines work a lot quicker than people. Proficiency is improved where there is progression of the work being done just as the consistency since the machines don't take vacation days. This will guarantee that the flexibly of items in the market is consistent and accessibility is upgraded. Supplies additionally can be made even on orders which have been made over a brief timeframe since the apparatus can have the option to meet the creation to be finished with the base time conceivable. This can likewise guarantee that there is a decrease in the expense of creation where there are no numerous HR required along with the costs that go with them like clinical spread, lodging recompenses, just as annuity reserves. Cost decrease is successful, and it guarantees that the item by the day's end enters the market at an extremely minimal effort which will empower the association to assemble a huge client base, and furthermore extend its piece of the overall industry. This is a mix of convictions, mentalities, standards received by individuals in an association and the way in which they work. It is best depicted as an assortment of standards and qualities by individuals and gatherings working in an association. This is a sort of culture where endeavors are coordinated towards an item or a help being conveyed. it unites HR and furthermore arranging assets to help thinking of the most ideal item or administration. It is a group culture whereby a group is constructed and it is appointed a specific task with a point of accomplishing a specific objective and target. In this culture the group is made out of individuals qualified in various fields of ability and is set apart by meetings of conceptualizing where thoughts are framed on the most proficient method to achieve the set assignment. There is likewise a component of agreeableness, as the individuals all the representatives working in a group need to consolidate endeavors and subsequently every last one of them is as significant and henceforth they must frame collusions. It is from skill that force is inferred. Colleagues have an extent of thoughts which they welcome ready and contribute towards achievement of the set errands. The fundamental point is to decrease costs in all parts of the association from deals and showcasing and different offices to creation. This will guarantee that the end shopper will appreciate a lower cost of the item than that of the contender. Reducing expenses ought to be considered in all the association forms. At the point when the expense is scaled down the item can infiltrate the market at a moderately lower cost than that of the contender items. This will build the piece of the overall industry just as the benefits. When there is an expansion in the benefits the association will likewise have the option to run proficiently and have the option to meet its purchaser needs just as appreciate development as far as better help and item conveyance. This can be accomplished through mass s creation and conveyance, decrease of waste and furthermore a decrease of the market power while likewise keeping up an objective arranged group. This is the ideal opportunity for business process reengineering. It ought to be considered since it is for the better of the association where it disposes of old business forms and presenting and bringing new thoughts and methods of working in an association so as to think of new thoughts just as improve the association productivity in conveyance of items and administrations. Association culture assumes a significant job in the manner an association works. It is significant that an association embraces a culture that favors its objectives and destinations and improves the development of the association just as guarantee that it urges the representatives to progress in the direction of accomplishing the association objectives.

Business Now: Change Is the Only Constant Essay

Audit Questions What variables add to the quick pace of progress in business? Is the pace prone to quicken or diminish throughout the following decade? Why? Budgetary Institutions got a bailout By President Obama in 2009, Mortgage esteems dropped, money related organizations start to Feel the weight particularly firms, for example, Bear Stearns that had some expertise in exchanging Mortgage supported protections. There was $61.7bn in misfortunes with AIG, solid economy Out of more employments can quicken the following decade, there be a spending shortage. AIG got A $180bn bailout; while Bank of America got $45bn just as JP Morgan Chase $25bn, Goldman Sachs got $10bn. The Rapid pace of progress in business is the Internet, Cellphones and presentation on TV. What job does business enterprise play in the economy? Who stands to pick up from the achievement of individual business visionaries? How do different gatherings benefit?People chance their Time, cash and different assets to begin and deal with a business. Be that as it may, They additionally Give plan to a superior workforce. Many individuals; who are jobless, for example, myself Right presently will secure positions that are increasingly adaptable and testing, working for of all shapes and sizes entrepreneurs. When did American business start to focus on client needs? Why? Estimation of Certain Products start to go up. High Gas Prices from $1.25 to $4.25, The Cost of a portion Of Bread is $2.79, the expense of dishwashing fluid about a $1.00, Purchase of items, By Consumers. How do not-for-profit associations contrast with organizations? What job do not-for-profits play in The economy? How would they collaborate with organizations? Philanthropies assist you with learning and Grow. Different organizations turn benefit on deals and shrewd purchasing. Philanthropies being Organizations such those with Computers would be charitable. Purchaser products help the Community. What are the components of creation? By what means would economies be able to develop when at least one of the elements is frail? Solid Communication, organizations, Business Plan and Ethics. A few Businesses fall, on account of avarice or an embarrassment, in view of eagerness or something else, all the more in this way, Lack of Strong Communication, organizations, no field-tested strategy, no Ethics. What are the 5 elements of the business condition? Talk about the key components in every zone as they identify with U.S.- based organizations. Measurement of Business Environment | Key Elements | The Economic | Jobs,Income, Inflation, Interest rates, Productivity, and Wealth that impact the purchasing conduct, of Consumers and organizations. | The Competitive The Workforce Advantage | A piece of the Company’s External Environment Yield’s Tangible, main concern results. Comprising of different firms Trying win clients in a similar market. It is the Segment of the Industry that incorporates every prompt Rival. | The Technological Environment | Includes any instruments that business can use to turn out to be More productive. Change in Technology can influence The Company. Any devices, be Computers, Telecommunications, and other advanced items. Persuaded Apple Employees help make fulfilled Apple Customers. | The Global Environment | The U.S. Economy works inside the Context of the Global Environment, collaborating consistently with different Economies. | The Global Environment/Ethics and Social Responsibility | truth be told, throughout the most recent two decades, innovation and unhindered commerce have obscured the lines between singular Economies around the globe. Innovation has fashioned Unprecedented connections among nations, making it savvy even proficient to build up PC help Centers in Bombay to support clients in Boston, or To recruit Programmers in Buenos Aires to make sites For Companies in Stockholm. In addition, Global Trade has Forged extraordinary connections among countries, for example, Los Angeles, New York, London, Moscow and Tokyo. | What are some key techniques for building up a serious edge in today’s serious worldwide market? How significant is consumer loyalty? Plans for Globalization and Global Reach, Region-Specific Marketing to give some examples systems. How has the ascent of the World Wide Web changed strategic approaches? What are the advantages and downsides for business? For customers? How has the meaning of decent variety changed after some time? Can a different workforce help an organization contend all the more adequately? How? How has the worldwide organized commerce development affected business? Who benefits? Why? Who loses? Why? Application Questions Bring a second to write down 5 things that you love to do. Think extensively (yet keep it clean). Your rundown could remember anything from presenting pictures for Facebook on tuning in to your preferred music. At that point conceptualize a rundown of business professions that could include at least two of your interests. A situation in dance club advertising, for example, could remember surfing for Facebook and tuning in to extraordinary music. What abilities would you have to prevail in each position? Which abilities do you have and which would you have to create? Best organizations today effectively create steadfast clients who purchase their brands over and over. All things considered, getting present clients to purchase more is a lot simpler than continually looking for new clients. Consider three brands that you purchase all the time. For what reason do you adhere to these items? How could another organization remove you? Business has unmistakably changed the world economy. Pick 3 effective business people, and use research to thoroughly analyze their administration styles and ways of thinking. While you can absolutely utilize nearby entrepreneursâ€or even family membersâ€some more prominent (and rather bright) business people include: Jeff Bezos, originator of Amazon; Debbi Fields, organizer of Mrs. Fields Cookies; Richard Branson, originator of the Virgin Group; Anita Roddick, organizer of The Body Shop; and Vishal Gondal, author of Indiagames. On the off chance that you were a business visionary, what approach do you think would be best for you? Why? Conceptualize a rundown of enterprises that the Internet has changed. What are the explanations for the changes? How would you envision that innovation will change business later on? Use research to build up a rundown of organizations where you trust you might want to work. What characteristics do these organizations share practically speaking? Accomplishes an extraordinary workplace lead to progress, or does achievement make an incredible work environment? When representatives appreciate the workplace is an organization bound to succeed? Why or why not? Group Project Organizations that continually advance are obviously bound to prevail in today’s hyper-serious, worldwide condition. Advancement thoughts will in general originate from entrepreneurs and workers who normally practice their innovativeness. This group venture is intended to assist you with working with your schoolmates to utilize your inventive muscles. Break into gatherings of 3 to 5 individuals. Pick an item or administration that all of you purchase all the time. (Conceivable outcomes could incorporate anything from a film studio to a neighborhood pizza place.) Write a short portrayal of how the item is situated in the commercial center comparative with its opposition. At that point cooperate to make sense of why you are steadfast clients and how the opposition could unstick you throughout the following five years. Compose a one page intend to harden your situation in the commercial center Consider making a huge difference from the item highlights to the promoting scenes. Offer your arrangement with the class and accumulate criticism about how well it may function. Case Connections Do the heroes truly finish first? Lamentably, at once or another, basically everybody has encountered the vitality sucking killjoy of working for a mean chief, or playing in a group with a grouchy mentor, or even simply spending time with a companion or relative feeling spoiled. Research in the Harvard Business Review calls attention to that states of mind are exceptionally infectious and that dispositions that start at the top are the most â€Å"catching† of all since everybody watches the chief and will in general take their passionate signals from the person in question. Indeed, look into shows that work groups across differing enterprises wind up sharing states of mind †both great and terrible †inside two hours. Curiously, authentic gladness and warmth spread most rapidly, touchiness all the more gradually, and sadness most gradually. While few can contend that working for an energetic, uplifting, hopeful manager is progressively fun, positive experience, there is less understanding about whether the boss’s temperament impacts the organization’s primary concern. The key contentions: The boss’s mind-set issues: The Harvard Business Review reports that â€Å"A grouchy and heartless manager makes a harmful association loaded up with negative underachievers who overlooks openings; an uplifting, comprehensive pioneer produces acolytes for whom any test is conquerable. The last connection in the chain is execution: benefit or misfortune. Prior research led at Cornell found that a peppy domain cultivates mental proficiency, improving individuals at taking in and getting data, at utilizing choice standards in complex decisions and at being adaptable in their reasoning. Once in a while it takes a kick in the pants†¦ A few people contend that a more â€Å"rough and tumble† pioneer alarms individuals out of carelessness and into a superior zone that they may not in any case reach. Oft-refered to models: Bill Gates, one of the most extravagant, best individuals on the planet, was broadly known for his cruel (basically oppressive) the board style at Microsoft, however nobody can prevent the remarkable strength from claiming Microsoft items through the span of decades. Steve Jobs, the innovative virtuoso behind Apple, is rumored to have been a nightmarish chief. As indicated by Stanford the board teacher Robert Sutton, â€Å"The degree to which individuals in Silicon Valley fear Jobs is extraordinary. He caused individuals to feel horrible; he made individuals cry.† You choose: After perusing both arrangement of contentions, which do you find generally convincing? Why? Realizing that at any rate, a peppy, motivational, hopeful supervisor is increasingly lovely, what solid advances can a g

Free Essays on Cd Evaluation

Album Evaluation A couple of months prior I was flipping stations on my radio while heading to Louisville and ran over a station I hadn’t saw previously, Trance. To begin with, let me clarify, I have a XM satellite radio in my vehicle so radio broadcasts are gathered by classes: Rock and Roll, Hip-jump, blues etc†¦ As I was stating, I went over the station Trance and enemy some odd explanation I never saw it. The music sounded exceptionally recognizable, I understood this was the music that I here in move clubs constantly and totally love it. By then I chose to make a bypass and get a portion of this music for myself, so I made a beeline for Best Buy. There are sure minutes in a youthful clubber’s life that we couldn't imagine anything better than to overlook. That long queue for a solitary bathroom, ten dollars for a jug of water, and the rundown continues forever. In any case, there are a lot of others that we’d love to clutch and the music must be number one. For that I w ent to the craftsman that was shown on my sound system, Nick Warren. After showing up, best case scenario Buy I wasn’t sure were to search for Trance so once I got in the store I immediately found an agent and asked were to go. The salesclerk was a decent person, furnishing me with all the data I could deal with. We happened upon the techno area and he instructed me to search for Global Underground. It took a couple of moments, however I discovered it and surprisingly there were more than forty choices of the name. Every CD was by an alternate craftsman and most were all in various urban areas and scarcely ever a similar city twice. I was completely astonished. I never acknowledged daze was that huge. The salesclerk opened my eyes when he began to clarify that stupor/techno is all over the place and in each club the world over, I calculated that much considering I have been to many move clubs and this was the sort of music that was played. I immediately discovered Nick Warren, paid for it, and raced to the vehicle so I could entertain myself wi th some surrounding tones for some time, ... Free Essays on Cd Evaluation Free Essays on Cd Evaluation Compact disc Evaluation A couple of months back I was flipping stations on my radio while heading to Louisville and ran over a station I hadn’t saw previously, Trance. To begin with, let me clarify, I have a XM satellite radio in my vehicle so radio broadcasts are gathered by classes: Rock and Roll, Hip-jump, blues etc†¦ As I was stating, I went over the station Trance and enemy some odd explanation I never saw it. The music sounded recognizable, I understood this was the music that I here in move clubs constantly and completely love it. By then I chose to make a reroute and get a portion of this music for myself, so I went to Best Buy. There are sure minutes in a youthful clubber’s life that we couldn't imagine anything better than to overlook. That long queue for a solitary bathroom, ten dollars for a jug of water, and the rundown continues forever. Yet, there are a lot of others that we’d love to clutch and the music must be number one. For that I went to the craftsman that was shown on my sound system, Nick Warren. After showing up, best case scenario Buy I wasn’t sure were to search for Trance so once I got in the store I immediately found a representative and asked were to go. The salesclerk was a decent person, giving me all the data I could deal with. We happened upon the techno segment and he advised me to search for Global Underground. It took a couple of moments, however I discovered it and shockingly there were more than forty choices of the mark. Every CD was by an alternate craftsman and most were all in various urban areas and scarcely ever a similar city twice. I was completely astounded. I never acknowledged stupor was that huge. The salesclerk opened my eyes when he began to clarify that daze/techno is all over the place and in each club far and wide, I calculated that much considering I have been to several move clubs and this was the kind of music that was played. I immediately discovered Nick Warren, paid for it, and rushed to the vehicle so I could entertain myself with some surrounding tones for some time, ...

Energy Management Case Study Siemens Free Essays

In June 2009, Siemens required its exertion in sun powered and wind to the following level by driving the Deserted activity. This cross-country venture expects to produce sunlight based force in North Africa, where it is generally inexhaustible, and afterward transport it to Europe. The task fits especially well with Siemens since it requires not just involvement with the essential breeze and sun oriented innovation yet in addition in the correlative advances, for example, power matrices and switchboard. We will compose a custom article test on Vitality Management Case Study: Siemens or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now Which have generally been solid business field for the organization. Atomic vitality: 1. Atomic reactors are the most grounded power plants conceivable and the most monetarily achievable 2. As of late Siemens has taking up its atomic exercises once more and is exhausting to get engaged with universal understandings. With Siemens turning into a potential new accomplice in the Russian market that holds dozen of new areas and china that have plans to have 100 new reactors in activity or under development by 2020 Hydrophone: 1. Saddling the intensity of sea waves has pulled in critical consideration since sea spread 71% of the earth surface. 2. US branch of vitality built up the hydrophone program, intended to direct RD that will improve the specialized, cultural and ecological advantages of hydrophone and give cost serious advances. Geothermal force: 1. This innovation has a significant preferred position that it tends to be introduced any place vitality is really required. Geothermal plants require negligible new water and outside fuel understudies, and because of their format are profoundly versatile. Brilliant frameworks: 2. Shrewd lattice innovation is by all accounts a characteristic open door for Siemens, in light of the company’s long history with electronic innovation and items. Wolfgang Then accepts that the market for shrewd matrices will increment because of environmental change and financial upgrade programs. 4) Threats: 1) Carbon-based fuel add up to 39% of Siemens benefits, confronting the truth that non-renewable energy source are limited, supplies will in the end run out, it Just a matter of when. The danger is that Siemens alternate course of action in sustainable power source comprise of 11% of its benefit. ) Alternative vitality: Most elective vitality creation techniques have one significant downside: they can produce vitality just in places were natures give the necessary vitality input. Wind vitality The size of the breeze turbine isn't versatile because of mechanical requirements. To expand limit, numerous breeze turbines there for must be spread out over huge good ways from each other. Thickly populated urban regions don't have sufficient space to house wind parks, and provincial zones have communicated disturbance with the examples and agribusiness productivities. Wind turbines have restricted proficiency. Wind turbines require huge and exceptionally specific gathering offices. The first since forever coast turbines fundamental concerns are the sturdiness and support of the gear against forceful ecological condition adrift. Siemens is thinking about to use its size, possibility, competency, and front line innovation to additionally build its piece of the pie and worldwide impression in wind vitality. The inquiry is whether wind vitality will end up being the main elective innovation, and in the event that it does, regardless of whether wind advances alone can pro duce enough benefit to keep Siemens up high. Sun oriented vitality Like breeze vitality sun based force most be removed were it happens normally. Sun oriented boards have a low productivity. Arriving at just about 25% under ideal lab conditions. Sun powered boards due too China has become the pioneer producer of ease Combination of modest work and accessible mechanical foundation; it drove costs Down by nearly The technique for discarding atomic waste in old gives in and salt psyche isn't 100% safe, what's more there has been reports of expanded leukemia rates in zones near atomic reactors, changes in the micrometer because of the immense measure of steam discharged into the climate. Hydrophone: For the innovation to work, the coastline should be level with just a slight slant, and requires extended lengths of littoral waters. Additionally tide turbines are confined to uninhabited sea shores, since moving parts under the water surface, can make risks for swimmers, water sports, and seaside ships. A few downsides to wave power incorporate the productivity of ebb and flow application important opposition against threatening condition (tempests and salt water erosion), cost of power, conceivable effect on marine life, and dangers to transportation. ) Candidates, for example, geothermal vitality and hydra power, also cutting edge atomic reactor have developed quickly as of late and appear to be ready to represent a genuine risk to wind and sun based applications, Siemens most depended upon elective vitality source. 4) Siemens is thinking about various alternatives as its passage from the issue and needs to put down some critical wagers. On the off chance that Siemens wagers seriously, the organization dangers being consigned to the sidelines as more current, more pioneer firms press more slow moving occupants out of the market. Sick) PEST Analysts: 1) Political/Regulatory/Legal: l. Government official from the US and Germany 2 of the greatest industrialized nations on the planet are supporting the improvement of elective vitality. II. A gathering of 20 Coos proposals to 68 pioneers in their 2008 atmosphere arrangement: A change in perspective to low mechanical advancement, this will open the entryway for new vitality organizations to enter the market Ill. Joined with a developing worldwide attention to the effect of green-house gases on environmental change just as expanded concerns in regards to vitality security. Vitality issues are presently accepting recharged enthusiasm from government and organization the same. IV. President Obama visited the breeze turbine sharp edge processing plant in Fort Medicine, Iowa to show his help accepting bringing in political acknowledgment. V. Delivering mechanical call wind turbines requires enormous and profoundly specific get together offices. The section level obstructions are high. VI. The exertion of Siemens look into in atomic vitality were required to be postponed in the backtalk when the German government passed a law that would bit by bit pull back the nation from atomic force age. Anyway Germany is rethinking this choice. The German parliamentary political race 2009 brought forth new expectations that the German atomic industry may be revalidated. VI’. Russia, China and the US are in the market delivering and authorizing different new atomic reactor (12, 100, 35 individually) . VIII. Siemens was as of late tormented by a pay off outrage and on the grounds that the US and the EX. Have lows that make such business practice illicit, Siemens was condemned to 1. 6 billion in finds by the German and the US specialists. Anyway pay off is ordinary in nations, for example, Nigeria, Russia and China. ) Economic: l. The costs of oil have been inclining upward in late decades. Unrefined petroleum costs spiked at a bygone era high of $145. 15 for every barrel on July 3 2008(up from $50 just multi month sooner). II. Sunlight based boards have arrived at a creation cost of under $1 per k yield. Sick. US are Jumping the temporary fad mostly in light of the fact that th ey accept that a huge number of new green Jobs may assist with lessening high joblessness. ‘V. Chinese organizations are entering unequivocally to the breeze vitality and sun based market because of a mix of modest work and accessible modern foundation. China drove costs of sun powered boards somewhere near practically half from 2008 to 2009. V. The Obama organization set a side subsidizing to assemble shrewd network advances as a major aspect of its ongoing monetary upgrade plan. 3) Social/Cultural: l. Social attention to the effect of green-house gases on environmental change just as expanded concerns in regards to vitality security. II. Consuming of petroleum product discharges carbon dioxide(CO into the environment, which has connected to an unnatural weather change. Likewise numerous urban communities have gotten tainted by smoke and individuals are enduring medical issues brought about by expanded contamination. Sick. US government accepts that putting resources into elective vitality will make a huge number of new green Jobs. IV. Rustic territories have communicated inconvenience of the sound made by wind turbines just as their obstruction with natural life transient examples and rural efficiency. V. Atomic force has genuine impediments issues incorporate atomic mishaps like Coherently and Fuchsia and how to store atomic items which can be hurtful to any living life form. L. New choices vitality advancements are Wing to supplant carbon-based non-renewable energy sources. II. Better materials have empowered specific organizations to manufacture ever-bigger breeze turbines and new improved sunlight based boards however expanding productivity and decreasing expense. (model: the 3. 6 mm wind turbine, first-regularly gliding breeze turbine, cost effective Chinese sun based board, turnkey cutting edge sun based plants). Sick. R in different organizations has prodded massive endeavors to discover ideal ways to catch as well as to store and disperse vitality created from regular assets. IV. US division of vitality as of late declared 40 million dollar in establishing to help structure and arranging work for the Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NSP). V. Outfitting the intensity of the sea waves has pulled in huge consideration since seas spread 71% of the earth surface. Besides the US division of vitality built up the hydrophone program intended to transmit R that will improve the specialized, cultural and natural advantages of hydrophone and give cost serious advancements. VI. The new keen framework innovation incorporate self-checking ND conceivably self-fixing capacities, shrewd sensors and meters, and a correspondence organize like the web. V) Competitive Analysis: 1) New Market Entrants: l. A change in perspective to low carbon economy by 2050 can possibly drive forward the following part of mechanical development, this will open the entryway for new vitality organizations to enter the market. II. Since the market of wind

McLeod, John, and Arthur Cropley, Academic Excellence - 550 Words

McLeod, John, and Arthur Cropley, Academic Excellence (Annotated Bibliography Sample) Content: NameProfessorCourseDateBenefits of SportsAnnotated BibliographyMcLeod, John, and Arthur Cropley. Fostering academic excellence. Elsevier, 2013.McLeod and Cropley were keen in analyzing the benefits of sports in enhancing academic excellence among learners. Their work was centered in sensitizing different stakeholders in the education sector on the importance of sports in realizing academic excellence. The authors came up with specifics facts to prove that indeed games should be embraced in learning institutions. Firstly, the authors agreed that sports help students to keep their bodies healthy and fit. For students to perform well in their academics, it is crucial that they do not have health complications. Thus, this is the reason the authors concur that allowing students to participate in sports will help students to overcome health complications like overweight that affects their concentration in studies. Also, the authors state that sports aids students in forming a teamwork. Also, they mention that sports help in time management. During free time, students engage themselves in sports thus helping them to build a social relationship. The authors' work, will give me an important guideline on my study. It will aid me with prerequisite knowledge even before I go to the field to correct data.Mulder, K., et al. "Risks and benefits of sports and fitness activities for people with haemophilia." Haemophilia 10.s4 (2004): 161-163.According to Mulders, sports are good in keeping body fitness. He mentions that many people are struggling with health complications because they do not embrace sports in their day to day activities. When people fail to exercise, they end up incurring a lot of costs seeking for medication. Therefore, Mulders mentions sports as the primary solution that can help people reduce weight. He states that people should embrace sporting each and every day and not to wait till when they are dictated by situations. For instance, the au thors stress the importance of sports to those suffering from haemophilia. Also, the author explains that games come with psychological and social benefits. Sports help people to stay free from stress which worsens their health condition. I see Mulder's work, as a valuable information tool in my research. It will help me to understand the benefits of sports for people suffering from different ailments.Owen, Jeffrey G. "The intangible benefits of sports teams." Public Finance and Management 6.3 (2006): 321.The book focuses on the intangible benefits of sports in organizations. Owen was trying...

The Great Divorce Essay - 550 Words

The Great Divorce (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstructorInstitutionDate submissionABSTRACTC.S Lewis shows his prowess in writing by managing to place both the spiritual and the supernatural in one book. Lewis in his book, the great Divorce, manages to put the divine aspect in a setting that would best fit for a fantasy or any other work that strives to explain out fiction. This paper, therefore, provides a synopsis of the Great Divorce that is then followed by a personal response. The reader will be able to gain both the knowledge on the great divorce and personal feelings towards the book upon reading The Great DivorceThe book begins with melancholic person, the narrator, walking down a very evil town. The narrator sees that everyone in the city is suffering in one way or another whenever he looks around. When he gets into the bus, he realizes that all the passengers are ghosts. Moreover, as the bus gets closer to heaven these ghosts turnout to be people and the city becomes different with less evil going on. The narrator finds out that the landscape is real when he steps out of the bus, and he gets hurt physically. The irony happens when these ghosts are allowed to pass through the same land and get into heaven.The passengers are allowed to choose their destiny whether they want to remain ghosts or become spirits once the bus reaches Heaven city. The choice of either being in heaven or hell lies upon human being decisions, and it is implicated that the ghosts are in hell whereas the spirits are in heaven. In this book, it is clearly shown that the ghosts assume the typical human role of a human who in any case willingly decides to remain in hell. Apparently, it does not sound foolish, this is because, in order for the ghosts to be spirits and enter into heaven they need to detach themselves completely from something. This is where the meaning of the book "The Great Divorce" was generated.For the ghosts to get into heaven, the spir its ask the ghost to forego everything that hold them back. These things include bad emotions, addiction, hate, alcohol among many others. Because these things have no sacred place in paradise, the ghosts are, therefore, required to put these things willingly behind them. An example shown is Michaelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s mother ghost. These ghost wishes that it can go against all odds just to go back and be with her son. The ghost says that Michael is hers, and not even God can take the son away from her. From this example of Michaelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s mother, it is clearly brought out that even love sometimes can be considered to be a bad emotion since it caused a limitation and blocked Michaelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s mother from getting into heaven. Personal responseThere is a the aspect that the writer presses a personal opinion to the reader. In his opinion, it turns out to be that anyone can enter ...

Bill Nichols and the Discourse of Sobriety - 2932 Words

Do mockumentary films retain any trace of the ’discourse of sobriety’? Throughout film history, documentary and fiction films have denoted the polar opposites of film form with each representing two distinct and separate traditions, the cinema of reality and the cinema of fiction (Doherty 16). However what was once a clear distinction has become blurred as the increasing popularity of mockumentary continues to weaken the assumed boundaries between fact and fiction (Sicinski). Prior to this ‘blurring of the lines’ the documentary genre enjoyed a privileged position amongst screen forms due its ‘the truth claim’ (Glick). Reflecting Bill Nichols’ observation that documentary employs the ‘discourse of sobriety’ (3), the truth claim is†¦show more content†¦Despite multiple documentary conventions being incorporated throughout the film, 24 hour Party People retains little trace of sobriety as Winterbottom’s use of interviews, direct address, archival footage and narration aims to portray a predomin antly fictional world as an actual real world, rather than depicting the world as it is. Although real archival footage of Joy Division performing at Wilson’s club, as well as actual footage of Wilson’s television show Granada Tonight is used throughout the film, Winterbottom ensures that such footage is subtly interwoven within sequences of fictional events thus eliminating any trace of sobriety that the use of real footage may have allowed for. Furthermore it can be argued that 24 hour Party People retains little evidence of Bill Nichols’ observation that documentary employs the ‘discourse of sobriety’, as a number of incidents are exaggerated throughout the film. For example, following a scene in which Wilson’s wife is shown ‘getting close’ with musician Howard Devoto, the cleaner present in the scene faces the camera, reveals himself as the real Howard Devoto and states that he has no recollection ofShow MoreRelatedMy Chosen Programme Of Gok Wan1460 Words   |  6 Pageswith visual images which is used when Gok Wan is not presenting. According to Bill Nichols the expository mode adopts voice-of-god commentary or voice of authority commentary, in this case voice-of-god is used because the speaker is heard but is not seen, instead there are visual images being used ‘the commentary is typically being presented as distinct from the images of the historical world that accompany it (Bill Nichols, Introduction to documentaries, page 107)’. The images are used to make senseRead MoreHow Do Documentaries Produce ‘Truth Effects’? Essay1379 Words   |  6 Pageswhich are often referred to as mockumentaries, also come within the category of documentaries (Corner Rosenthal, 2005), for example This is Spinal Tap (1984) and Best In Show (2000) Bill Nichols explains documentaries as, â€Å"One of the discourses of sobriety that include science, economics, politics and history discourses that claim to describe the real, to tell the truth†. He further adds despite the truth-telling characteristic a documentary film is known to straddle between â€Å"the categories of fact

Fast Food, Cause Effect Essay - 702 Words

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE POPULARITY OF FAST FOOD Nowadays, most people -especially kids and young people- prefer to eat fast food, such as hamburgers, pizza, fried food, etc. Why it has become so popular? It tastes better than homemade food? We do not believe it is only the taste the reason of the popularity of fast food. There are several reasons why fast food had become popular over the years. It is popular because it is cheap, quick and convenient to those who have a busy modern life. We consider one of the top reasons of eating fast food the modern, busy life that a big percent of families workers have. People who have a busy schedule usually do not have time to cook at home,†¦show more content†¦A study of The Annals of Internal Medicine indicates that more than 70% of men and more than 60% of women have extra pounds because of the consumption of fast food in large amounts. In kids the problem gets more extreme. If kids consume too much fast food they could have high c holesterol and obesity, then they would have higher risks of cardiovascular issues, diabetes and heart diseases. Parents should prevent those kinds of health issues in their kids because it will be reflected in them as adults. Food is not as simple as it seems. Once Anthelme Brillat-Savarin wrote â€Å"Tell me what you eat and I will tell you what you are†. We, as human been should pay attention to what we eat because it will be reflected in the future. A lot of times we know if someone eats healthy by just seeing them, because physically they do not have a good body, healthy skin, or something like that. As we already said more than 50% of USA’s population eats fast food for many reasons: economy, quick service, etc., but the real problem come when we consider health. If People should care more about what they eat and try to avoid fast food, then they will have less possibility of diseases like high cholesterol, obesity, or cardiovascular issues and heart diseases. BIBLIOGRAPHY * Top Reasons for fast food. 2010.Show MoreRelatedFast Food1145 Words   |  5 PagesRamandeep Singh Mrs. Vinson October 23, 2012 English 1001 Essay 2 Draft 3 Fast food Obesity is an epidemic that is sweeping over the United States today. It’s affecting both adults and children. With the increase in fast food availability and a decrease in the time most Americans have to prepare nutritious meals at home, it’s obvious why more people are eating at fast food restaurants. Obesity is a growing problem in the United States and more and more children are being affected. But do uneducatedRead MoreIs Classical Sociology Still Relevant Today? Essay1219 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay looks at the argument taken from a classical sociologist called Weber, throughout this essay it explains rationalization and how it has become modernized using Ritzer to explain this by demonstrating his McDonaldization theory. The theory will be clarified by contemporary sociologists by looking at their strengths and weaknesses and how rationalization relates to a current social issue such as globalisation becoming such a problem in today’s society due to a wide population of fast foodRead MoreThe Effects of Popular Culture: A Look at Three Examples Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesPopular culture has an effect on everyone’s life in this world. If we don’t look like the pretty faces our television and movies advertise to us, than our life tends to be more difficult growing up. Our country provides fast food chains that are deleterious to our health, but since corporations made them popular, the average American thinks nothing of it. Even though a lot of American popular culture isn’t the best choice in our lives, Judith Ortiz Cofer, Nora Ephron, and Eric Schlosser use thisRead MoreWhat You Eat Is Your Business Essay1140 Words   |  5 Pages In Radley Balko’s essay â€Å"What You Eat Is Your Business,† Balko argues that what we put into our bodies is our business, not the government’s, and that personal responsibility should be primary in our nutrition choices. I agree wholeheartedly. However, while I do agree that personal responsibility is paramount, in the new age of the Affordable Care Act (which had not been implemented prior to Balko’s writing), it is becoming hard to say that the government should stay out of my business, when healthcareRead MoreCauses, Effects And Solutions Of Overweight918 Words   |  4 PagesCauses, Effects and Solutions of Overweight Nowadays, overweight is a serious condition associated with body fat accumulates in people’s body and as a result it leads to obesity. Being overweight referred to a crucial issue for its victims have increased significantly for the past two decades. The occurrence of overweight has increased in all persons including children, old aged, and educated persons. Loss of weight is one of the challenges for many people in life. The causes of overweight includeRead MoreCause And Effect Of Obesity1477 Words   |  6 Pages Cause and effect essay Ahmad Elham ENG 111/FH21 Sunithi Gnanadoss May 2, 2017 After World War II, when the baby Boomer generation emerged, USA economy increased and people started utilizing fast food without a diet plan, without caring about nutrition in their food and the calories they were consuming caused obesity. At the same time, transportation and technology revolutions which meant to bring ease in nation’s lives, brought laziness and obesity. Ultimately, many others callRead MoreArgumentative Essays About Obesity1560 Words   |  7 Pagesthemselves to get that far into bad health(obesity)? (might be more of a Psychology question though..) A good one for looking at arguments relating to the fast food industry is Super-Size me that documentary, that might give you some more ideas about arguments, to look into some of the issues that Morgan Spurlock touches on, (size of food portions, advertising, health related problems of obesity, etc..) Obesity in AmericaWhen people think about health what usually comes up is cancer, or some kindRead MoreCause and Effect Essay on Obesity962 Words   |  4 Pages Cause and Effect Essay on Obesity Obesity is one of the main topics in America including one of the main reasons of death.-(begin with a subject) Detecting obesity is easy, but treating it can be very hard to do. Never have there have been so many teens and children not only overweight but obese. In some ways, it could be called the plague of the twenty- first century due to adolescents and teenagers indulging themselves in a plethora of food for every meal they haveRead MoreFood Is A Necessity And Without Food We Wouldn’T Be Able1345 Words   |  6 PagesFood is a necessity and without food we wouldn’t be able to survive. But what happens when that very essential thing we need to survive is not good for us? According to the website Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than one-third of Americans have obesity (Adult Obesity Facts). One of the major reasons causing obesity is a poor diet, what some call, the Western Diet. In Michael Pollan’s article â€Å"Escape from the Wester n Diet†, he argues that people should give up the western dietRead MoreArgumentative Essay : Argumentative Synthesis1734 Words   |  7 PagesNordmeyer Ms. Allen 11/20/15 Essay #4: Argumentative Synthesis As we begin the 21st century, the preservation and concern with our world environment becomes more of a highlighted issue. Authors such as Michael Pollan in his article â€Å"Escape from the Western Diet†, and Jonathan Safran Foer who wrote â€Å"Against Meat† both mention in their essays the negative impact fast food has created on our environment due to the method of factory farming. Foer quotes using reports from the Food and Agriculture Organization

Social Identity Theory - 861 Words

Social identity theory, it is a person’s sense that is based around the group they are in, either by their personal identity or with different kinds of social identities. That is, people will try to improve their own image of themselves. The theory was proposed by Henri Tajfel. People can increase their self-esteem by both their own achievement and interaction with a successful group of people. This shows the importance of social belonging. This theory is based around three mental processes, social categorization, social identification and social comparison. People who are in a group or belong to and even assigned to the group, they would naturally think of the member within that group as the in-groups while others outside the group would be the out-groups. This can be explained by social categorization. People would normally categorize other people into different categories, including themselves. And bond between the in-groups would form. This however, would develop a discrim ination between the in-group and out-group where people would favor the in-group more. Social categorization can be seen in the study done by Cialdini et .al (1976). The main purpose of the study is to find out whether people would favor their own â€Å"in-group† members more than the other people, the â€Å"out-groups†. Researcher uses two methods. First, researchers find fans from 7 different large United State prestigious football universities in a field experiment. Researchers then observed the student’sShow MoreRelatedIdentity Theory And Social Identity1228 Words   |  5 PagesIdentity theory traces its root in the writing of G.H Mead, the American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist who says that the image or the feeling that a person creates for him or herself in a particular society is the result of other’s vision, which is created daily and is subjected to change. Richard Jinkens, the sociologist describes that social identity means who w e are and who the others are and on the other hand what the other thinks about themselves and others. Further, Mead elaboratesRead MoreSocial And Social Identity Theory1860 Words   |  8 PagesTurner, the Social Identity Theory (SIT) can be described as the comparison between the individual self and the social self. More specifically, it is the individual’s perception that is derived from their membership of a social group (ingroups and outgroups) or personal identities. The theory is divided into three different psychological mechanisms: social categorization, social comparison, and the tendency for people to use the group membership as a source to gain self-esteem. A theory is definedRead MoreSocial Identity Theory And Social Interaction Theory Essay1907 Words   |  8 PagesSocial Identity Theory In 1979, Tajfel and Turner are recognized for the development of social identity theory (SIT) (Tajfel Turner, 1979). Through earlier studies, Tajfel attempted to understand mechanisms that lead to group members to discriminate against non-group members, which lead to evolution of SIT (Hogg, van Knippenberg, Rast, 2012). The Tajfel and Turner developed SIT with the purpose of understanding social group discrimination (Tajfel Turner, 1979). SIT is based on three concepts:Read MoreAssignment On Social Identity Theory Essay1158 Words   |  5 Pages TATA INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES MUMBAI GROUP WORK ASSIGNMENT ON SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY Submitted to: Professor Vijay Raman Enrollment No.: M2015CF026 SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY The Social Identity Theory was developed by Tajfel and Turner in 1979. The theory was originally developed to understand the psychological basis of intergroup discrimination. Tajfel in 1971 attempted to identify the  minimal  conditions that would lead members of one group to discriminate in favour of the in groupRead MoreOutline Of Social Identity Theory1278 Words   |  6 PagesOutline social identity theory and with reference to recent research critically evaluate the strategies individuals or groups might use to achieve a positive social identity. Social Identity Theory (SIT) is a relational term, defining who we are as a function of our similarities and differences with others. It is shared with others and provides a basis for shared social action and the meanings associated with any social identity are products of our collective history and present. Therefore Social identityRead MoreNotes On Social Identity Theory1191 Words   |  5 PagesContextualizing BIRG: Social Identity Theory SIT (Tajfel et al., 1971; Tajfel Turner, 1979) has been explained briefly in the Introduction, which provided an overview on the nature of its construction (Galang et al., 2015) and its implications on ingroup inclusion, intergroup behavior, and self-esteem (Brewer Yuki, 2007). This theory is further discussed here, particularly its conception of group identification and esteem, to give context to BIRG and the framework of analysis that will be usedRead MoreTheories Of Emotion, Relational Theory, And Social Identity Theory2235 Words   |  9 Pageslosses she experiences, Dasani exhibits behavior that can be explained with four theories. These theories are Piaget’s Cognitive Theory, Physiological Theories of Emotion, Relational Theory, and Social Identity Theory. Synopsis of Health and Wealth Theory When dealing with the health care system, the socioeconomic status of an individual can influence the quality of service they receive. The Health and Wealth theory shows that the amount of money someone has determines how well they are treatedRead MoreConsequences of Social Categorization and Social Identity Theories1929 Words   |  8 Pages Consequences of Social Categorization and Social Identity Theories Vernon Smith BA426 Managing Cultural Diversity vsmith003@regis.edu Consequences of Social Categorization and Social Identity Theories Introduction In the modern world, workforce diversity has developed to be among the most imperative elements. Many organizations including Apple Inc. and all over the world have employed diversity managers to help develop effective workforce diversification (Podsiadlowski et al., 2013). TheRead MoreCritically Evaluate Social Identity Theory2060 Words   |  9 PagesLauren Thom, 3215788. Psyc 315: Social Psychology 2,046 words. Critically evaluate Social Identity Theory. Who are you? Who am I? These are questions that we all ponder at some point or another in our lives. As human beings we are seemingly inundated with the desire to classify and categorise. We are constantly defining and analysing the differences that we observe in the world, it seems only natural that we would apply this method of classification to our position within ourRead MoreSocial Identity Theory And Theories Surrounding Intergroup Relations2244 Words   |  9 Pagesfocuses on ideas presented from Social Identity Theory and theories surrounding intergroup relations. The main ideas from the theories being that people conform with others beliefs, usually following the opinions of the group to which they belong. Social Identity Theory, written by Tajfel and Turner in 1986 considers how people think and act towards a social group, and this is believed to mainly recognise social cognitive theories to be the main grounding for the theory. Turner in 1982 suggested a

The Central Ideas Of Treatment Approach - 847 Words

The Transpersonal theory has evolved over the past two decades, driving the desire to learn more about the higher self. â€Å"A person doesn’t have to be sick in order to get better† (Tuner, 2011, p.551,) The history and development will be discussed within the essay. Central ideas of treatment approach will be included. Strengths and weaknesses of the Transpersonal Theory within social work will be addressed in great detail. There will be an assessment of a case and the client within the micro system. The major goals and expected outcomes within the micro system will be listed. To help understand how practitioner work with clients the intervention techniques will be addressed. To give a holistic view of the Transpersonal Theory the ethical issues implicit in the approach will be stated. Finally, the application of professional self, and the use of the model with the micro system. History and Development The Transpersonal Theory help broaden the way of thinking for many practitioners therefore creating the need to greater explore the higher self. â€Å"It was in the late 19th century the thrust of social work interventions shifted toward a psychosocial approach with an emphasis on internal as well as environmental factors† (Tuner, 2011, p.547). It was 1967, when a small group gathered to create new psychology that would honor the whole spectrum of the human experience, including various non-ordinary states of consciousness. The group included, Abraham Maslow, Anthony Sutich,Show MoreRelatedExplain how the managerial ideas of Taylor and Fayol differ from Mayo. Assess the relevance of Classical Management theorists to the management of contemporary organisations1292 Words   |  6 Pagesof M Weber); - Administrative Management (associated with the work of H Fayol). The Human Relations approach is associated with the work of E Mayo and F Roethlisberger. Immediately, we can see a difference between the ideas of Taylor and Fayol and those of Mayo as they are even classified differently. In order to explain how these managerial ideas differ, I will first explain what those ideas were. Taylor Taylor developed the four scientific principles of management: 1. Development of a trueRead MoreDr. Decker s For Restorative Treatment1313 Words   |  6 Pagesrestorative treatment. She needs many dental procedures to repair her deteriorating oral health, including bone loss, receiving partial dentures of both maxillary and mandibular arches, as well as extraction of #7, 8, 9, and 10 (all permanent maxillary incisors). As a temporary solution, a provisional splint is added to allow the teeth to garner support from neighboring ones during which time periodontal treatment and surgery can be performed. She ends up postponing the needed periodontal treatment and fracturesRead MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Of Postmodernism713 Words   |  3 PagesA worldwide movement encompassing all disciplines, postmodernism arose in response to the dominant idea of modernism, which is described as the social condition of living in an urban, fast-changing progressivist world governed by instrumental reason. Postmodernism or postculturalism, a term often also used, offer a very different and much more radical version of constructivism. They are strongly opposed to the universalist premises of realism, liberalism, Marxism and post-Marxism, and are highlyRead MoreCase Study : Voyager Therapeutics, Inc.822 Words   |  4 PagesVOYAGER THERAPEUTICS, INC. is a growing Clinical stage Gene Therapy Company. The main focus of this company is based on developing life changing treatments for patients suffering from various types of disease associated with central nervous system or CNS. The gene therapy is called AAV or adeno-associated virus, which is a therapeutic approach to alter the expression of a specific protein, thereby reducing the symptom experienced by patients, and that, will have a clinically meaningful impact onRead MoreEnhancing the Effectiveness of a Therapeutic Session: A Case Analysis1549 Words   |  6 Pagesapproaches and theories is critical in examining the development of th e individuals problem and how it can be solved. Actually, the ideas underlying the development of problems and how these problems can be solved are usually known as the therapists theoretical orientation. The theoretical orientation is the fundamental guiding principle in organizing a treatment and will offer information on how the therapist will interact with the individual. Daniels situation is an example of a case thatRead More Sex Addiction Essays1379 Words   |  6 Pagesappetites resulting in severe consequences for themselves and others. Sex addiction is a lifelong problem that needs to be contained in order to avoid continued complications. Shame, secretiveness, and abusiveness in a person accompany the addiction. Treatment is available in different forms; however, because this subject is relatively new a cure is not known. An important question is arising around this subject is whether or not sex addiction results from nature or nurture. Patrick Carnes, Ph.D., theRead MoreEssay on Understanding Consciousness1728 Words   |  7 Pageshuman nervous system and behavior, and an evaluation of historical figures in the field of physiological psychology The Biopsychological Approach to Understanding Consciousness The process of understanding awareness can be complex. Understanding that there are different spectrums of consciousness and that each type represents different principles is the best approach to understanding awareness. As the endocrine system regulates hormones in the body, chemical fluctuations play a major role in the physiologicalRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Ancient Greece And Greek Medicine1675 Words   |  7 Pagesto their geography. Many scholars believe that the Egyptians power structure, which was reflected in the erection of their monumental structures, was due to the easy access of resources and the abundant Nile. This enabled them to develop a strong central bureaucratic class and government system. These differences can also be attributed to the disparities in their religions and belief systems. As Egyptians had a very strong belief in the afterlife and built pyramids to help their dead find a betterRead MoreProcess of Involuntary Commitment to a Psyc hiatric Facility1306 Words   |  5 PagesWithin contemporary society, the legal process of placing an individual into a detention or psychatric treatment facility is called civil commitment. Typically, this is reserved for the mentally ill, or those people who have satisfied the Courts rule that they are a danger to others, or to themselves. Society realizes that, at times, an individual may pose a danger to themselves or to society and be unable to make rational decisions. In fact, in most jurisdictions in the modern world, involuntaryRead MoreThe Case Of Epperson V. Arkansas953 Words   |  4 Pagesascended or descended from a lower order of animal.† Forty years later, the case of Epperson v. Arkansas (1968) was argued before the Supreme Court. The case originated in 1965, when Susan Epperson was hired to teach 10th grade biology at Little Rock Central High School. The local school board had recently adopted, as a part of an approved curriculum, a new biology textbook tha t included a section on evolution. Immediately, Epperson recognised her dilemma; that to teach the required curriculum would put

Relationship Between Inflation And Unemployment - Sample Solution

Questions: 1. Explain whether there is a relationship between inflation and unemployment. Should government interfere and reduce inflation and unemployment? provide real life examples.2. Using your home country as a case study outline and analyse inflation, unemployment and growth trends. Identify what range of the aggregate supply curve your country is operating in.3. Explain how monetary policy can influence an economy, including the exchange rate and employment levels. Answers: Introduction In the past few years, the economic condition has encountered critical changes. Obviously, the connections between various countries have expanded enormously, particularly after the wave of globalization. Hence, the risk or danger associated with financial breakdown in a specific nation may affect upon different nations including that of the increment on the financial connections among nations. It has been observed that the global financial crisis during 2008 to 2009 had created significant impact on the economies of the individual countries by virtue of the interconnection (Mankiw, 2007). Generally, there are various elements that prompt significant effects upon the development and growth of the nations, and all these components are also referred as the indicators of the financial performance. All these components include the inflation, rate of unemployment, growth rate of GDP, output of the economy, per capita income and so forth. Each of the components indicates the performance of the economy. The legislature is additionally in charge of embracing distinctive measures in setting to budgetary strategies to upgrade the monetary conditions (Krugman and Wells, 2009). The key goal of this paper is to reflect upon the connection between distinctive markers and additionally the measures which are being adopted by the individual government for enhancing the states of economy. 1. Relationship between Inflation and Unemployment It is evident that the two major indicators of the economic performance a nation are inflation and rate of unemployment. Inflation can be defined as the increase in the price level in a particular economy. On the other hand, unemployment can be described as the number or percentage of people who are searching for job in order to earn a livelihood but unable to get one. The people who are looking for jobs but cannot get an opportunity to work are referred as unemployed people (Lehmann, 2011). The annual increment in the rate of unemployment in the world is considered for calculating the overall global rate of unemployment. It has been found that the annual increment in the rate of unemployment across the world leads to growing number of unemployed people which is not at all desired as it affects the economy in a negative way. Hence, it can be stated that inflation rate and unemployment rate are the major two indicators of the economy (Mankiw, 2007). High rate of inflation is not desir able for the nation as it leads to significant increase in the price of goods and services. Hence, the suffering of common people increases. Additionally, high rate of unemployment is also not appreciated by the society as the burden of unemployed people increases (Hubbard and O'Brien, 2006). Thus, high level of inflation as well as unemployment has a negative impact on the economy of the nation. Various research papers have provided evidence regarding the significant trade off which exist between inflation rate and unemployment rate of the economy. It has been found that there is a negative relationship between the unemployment rate and inflation (Lanne and Luoto, 2013). The inverse association between these two factors can be demonstrated with the aid of Philips curve. In short run, if inflation rate increases, unemployment rate declines. Hence, it can be stated that there is a negative relationship between unemployment rate and inflation in the economy. However, this relationship does not hold in long run. The Philips curve has been illustrated below in order to depict the relationship between unemployment rate and inflation of an economy (Krugman and Wells, 2009). (Phillips Curve, Source: (Hubbard and O'Brien, 2006)) From the above diagram, it can be implied that the unemployment rate can be decreased in a nation when the government adopts effective policy for managing inflation. Hence, it is true that the inflation cannot be completely undesired in an economy. Economists have segmented inflation into two categories, demand pull and cost push inflation. Demand pull inflation occurs when the total demand of the economy enhances which means the demand curve shift to the right side. Consequently, with the increase in demand, the price of the products and services will increase in the economy (KELLY, 2000). The production will also increase and the business organization will require employing more workers in order to satisfy the growing level of demand(Dorul and Soytas, 2010). Hence, the unemployment rate will be declined. In the following diagram, the impact of demand pull inflation has been represented: (Source: (Abel and Bernanke, 2001)) According to Milton Friedman, the Philips Curve holds only in short run. In case of long run, the policy of inflation will not address the issues regarding the unemployment of the nation. Government Intervention It has been recognized that high level of unemployment as well as inflation are not desired within an economy (Inflation and unemployment in economies on the move, 2000). Nonetheless, a trade off is found to be existing between inflation and unemployment which implies that increase in one of the variables will decline the other. Consequently, imperatively successful measures are to be taken for keeping up the relentless parity between unemployment and inflation, and in this way it helps in amplification of the financial and additionally social welfare inside an economy. Thus, it can be stated that the government intervention is significant for executing diverse policies and procedures for declining the level of unemployment in an economy. This intervention is found to be very useful in keeping up the rate of inflation within the tolerance level. Government may mediate inside an economy with the backing of the different financial policies and procedures. Tax rate and government expend itures are considered to be monetary instruments. Again, the fiscal measures include the change in interest rate, change in the tax rate etc. These may be used for enhancing or diminishing the unemployment and inflation rate. In this context, various examples can be cited which has demonstrated that the negative association between the inflation rate and rate of unemployment. In the following diagram, the inflation and unemployment rate of Australia from 2002 to 2013 has been presented to illustrate its trend: (Unemployment rate and Inflation of Australia form 2002 to 2013, Source: Created by Author) It can be observed from the above graph that increases in the rate of inflation leads to decline in the unemployment rate in Australia. However, some exceptions are also observed which can be explained with the aid of other economic factors. The government of Australia has been undertaking effective measures which helped in controlling both the inflation and unemployment rate in the economy. 2. Inflation, Unemployment and Growth Trend in Australia It has been observed that in various nations, inflation and rate of unemployment is considered to be the major tow indicators of the economic performance of the nation. The growth and development of the nation is significantly reliant upon these variables. It has been found that an association is prominent among the inflation rate, growth of the economy and rate of unemployment (Warne and Vredin, 2006). In this section, the focus will be shifted towards the historical data regarding inflation rate, growth rate and rate of unemployment in Australia for establishing the relationship between these three factors. It has been found that the Australia is one of the most important developed nations off the world. The interconnection with other countries is found to be significant for the economy of this nation. It has been observed that Australia has been maintain good trade relationship with the other nations and focused on enhancing foreign direct investments (Warne and Vredin, 2006). Wholesale Price Index (WPI) and Consumer Price Index (CPI) are considered for estimating the inflation of the country. It has been found that the inflation rate is 1.70%. In the previous quarter, the inflation rate has dropped to 2.3% due to sharp decline in the price of electricity facilitated by abolition of the carbon tax. From the following table, it has been found that in the latest quarter price of the food has declined. According to the Reserve Bank of Australia, the targeted range for the annual inflation is estimated to be 2 to 3 %. The present rate of inflation demonstrates that in order to meet the inf lation target in the following years, the central bank of Australia will focus on changing the rate of interest (Creighton, 2014). Australia Prices Last Previous Highest Lowest Unit Inflation Rate 1.70 2.30 23.90 -1.30 percent Inflation Rate Mom 0.20 0.50 7.55 -1.54 percent Consumer Price Index CPI 106.60 106.40 106.60 4.20 Index Points Core Inflation Rate 2.10 2.11 7.60 0.87 percent Core Consumer Prices 107.10 106.50 107.10 43.40 Index Points GDP Deflator 101.20 101.60 101.80 6.70 Index Points Producer Prices 104.00 103.80 104.00 70.70 Index Points Producer Prices Change 1.20 2.30 6.30 -1.50 percent Export Prices 85.30 85.30 112.20 16.30 Index Points Import Prices 105.20 104.30 116.30 51.50 Index Points Food Inflation 2.00 3.50 20.60 -3.20 percent (Source: (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015)) In the following diagram, the historical rate and trend of the inflation rate of Australia has been depicted. It has been found that the inflation rate of Australia has been stable over the past few years. In 2008 and 2009, the inflation rate has increased due to the global financial crisis. Presently annual rate of inflation rate of Australia is moderate and within the target rate set by the Reserve Bank of Australia. (Source: (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015)) Now, the unemployment rate of Australia needs to be assessed. High level of unemployment rate is not desired by any income as it leads to various negative impacts on the economy as well as society. In November 2014, the unemployment rate of Australia was estimated to be 6.3% which is highest since 2002 (Qgso.qld.gov.au, 2015). Though 42,700 jobs were added to the Australian economy in October 2014, the unemployment rate rose by 0.1% in the following month. According to economists, the RBA is under extensive pressure and they may focus on cutting the interest rate. It has been observed that for the last twenty years, Australia has not encountered recession. However, the nation is significantly struggling for facilitating a shift to the growth which will not be led by the mining sector. It has been anticipated that the decline in the growth rate of China may lead to the increase in the unemployment rate of Australia because China is the major trading partner for Australia (BBC News, 20 14). (Source: (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015)) Source: (Sum, n.d.) According to above mentioned chart, the unemployment rate in the last few years have been decreasing for improving the intervention of the government within the economy of the world. From various evidences, it is quite identifiable that the Australian National Government has undertaken few effectual measures to work against the alarming circumstances and also offer various job opportunities in the market of Australia. Apart from this, the increase in the multiple lateral industries especially in the private sector of Australian market has given various opportunities by increasing the job offers for all the deserving candidates. Generally, there is a negative link between the unemployment rate and the inflation rate. Thus, it is important to identify the pattern of both the inflation rate and the rate of unemployment. In the below mentioned table, relevant information about the two mentioned factors is being provided from the year 2002-2013 (Fasenfest, 2014). Inflation rate unemployment rate 2002 3.10% 6.10% 2003 2.70% 5.60% 2004 2.30% 5.20% 2005 2.70% 5.00% 2006 3.50% 4.50% 2007 2.30% 4.20% 2008 4.40% 4.90% 2009 1.70% 5.50% 2010 2.90% 5% 2011 3.30% 5.20% 2012 1.70% 5.40% 2013 2.50% 5.90% Source: (Rateinflation.com, 2015) From the above graph that is depicting the relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate identified from the year 2002-2007, since the rate of inflation is rising compared to the unemployment rate, the Phillips curve is significant (Roy, 2011). Since the year 2008, the Philips curve relationship lacks in maintaining the inflation and the unemployment rate as both the factors have been rising and decreasing at the same period of time. Source: (Ruge-Murcia, 2004) If looked at the above figure, it is clear that in 2001, the GDP was low and thereafter in the later years, there has been increase in the GDP steadily. In the year 2009, the GDP of Australia has been decreased. Due to this, the country had to face hard time in respect to their economy. However, slowly, there has been consistent rise in the GDP of the Australia. Inflation Rate Unemployment Rate Growth Rate 2002 3.10% 6.10% 3.9 2003 2.70% 5.60% 3.1 2004 2.30% 5.20% 4.2 2005 2.70% 5.00% 3.2 2006 3.50% 4.50% 3.0 2007 2.30% 4.20% 3.8 2008 4.40% 4.90% 3.7 2009 1.70% 5.50% 1.7 2010 2.90% 5% 2 2011 3.30% 5.20% 2.3 2012 1.70% 5.40% 3.7 2013 2.50% 5.90% 2.5 Source: (Data.worldbank.org, 2015) The below shown graph demonstrates the pattern of three different economic factors of Australia from 2002-2013: Source: Made By Author 3. Monetary Policy effect: Monetary policy can be termed as the actions undertaken by the RBA(Researve Bank of Australia) to have impact on the financial and the monetary conditions in the cash market of Australia. This would help the organization to meet the economic goals for sustainable growth and low inflation (Langdana, 2009). The Reserve Bank of Australia is mainly responsible for administrating and formulating the monetary policy. This would help to achieve the non-inflationary growth which is mainly targeted as cash rate. The main objectives of the monetary policy in Australia are to maintain the inflation rate between 2% to 3% and also full employment at the non-accelerated inflation rate of unemployment between 5% to 7%. Further, the aim is to improve the growth of economy between 3% to 4% for sustaining peoples welfare and also their living standards. The decisions undertaken by the monetary policy mainly affects the performance of the Australian economy in future. The economic agents actually analyze the prices based on the expectation. The inflation expectations affect the interest rate and also the aggregate demand and supply. In determining the monetary policy, the role of RBA is to maintain the stability of the price, employment and also the welfare and economic prosperity of Australian people. Thus for achieving the statutory objectives, the bank has decided to set inflation target that is to keep the consumer price inflation upto 2-3%. This would help the country to control the inflation and also preserve the money value and also encourage long term sustainable growth. The Reserve Bank makes various moves to guarantee the behavior of money related approach is straightforward. These steps incorporate articulations proclaiming and clarifying every fiscal arrangement choice, the arrival of minutes giving foundation to the Board's approach thoughts, and editorial and examination on the monetary viewpoint gave through open locations and general distributions, for example, its quarterly Statement on Monetary Policy and Bulletin. The Reserve Bank will keep on advancing open seeing thusly. The Reserve Bank advances the soundness of the Australian monetary framework through overseeing and giving liquidity to the framework, and leading the Council of Financial Regulators (including the Reserve Bank, Australian Prudential Regulation Authority, the Australian Securities and Investments Commission and the Treasury). The Payments System Board has express administrative power for installments framework dependability. In satisfying these commitments, the Reserve Bank will keep on distributed its investigation of monetary strength matters through its half-yearly Financial Stability Review. What's more, the Governor and the Reserve Bank will keep on partaking, where fitting, in the advancement of budgetary framework arrangement, including any considerable Government surveys, or worldwide audits, of the monetary framework itself. The Reserve Bank's order to maintain budgetary dependability does not compare to a certification of dissolvability for money related foundations, and the Bank does not see its asset report as being accessible to help bankrupt establishments. On the other hand, the central position of Reserve Bank in the financial system, and its position as a definitive supplier of liquidity to the framework, provides for it a key part in monetary emergency administration. In satisfying this part, the Reserve Bank will keep on arranging nearly with the Government and with the other Council offices. The unemployment rate of Australia is falling since 1989. Thus the RBA have decided to determine the reductions in the rate of unemployment and will try to maintain the present trend and also different policies for producing sustainable growth. According to RBA statements the economy is stimulating with the low interest rated and unemployment is struck to around 6.25% (Pascoe, 2014). According to the policy, it is believed that the country, Australia is trying to have high wages, high value added economy and also high productivity. This would help to sustain the lives of people and also take up risks. This would also help to improve infrastructure, human capital accumulation and education (Rba.gov.au, 2015). It is also to be noted that there in an increase in the unemployment rate since the mid of 2011 which is about 5.75%. To meet the unemployment objectives, a Newstart Allowance have been started. The government is providing funds for various services for assisting the candidates who are looking for various job opportunities. The primary reason for such intervention is to support the unemployed people and reduce the unemployment for providing adequate living standards and also ensure that the people of Australia obtain employment. The allowance structure that is being decided is $501.00 per fortnight for single people, or $452.30 each for a couple (Ncoa.gov.au, n.d.). Conclusion In conclusion, it can be inferred that due to rise in the globalization there is a significant rise in competition in the market. Even though the nation, Australia is one of the most developed countries, it is lagging behind due to rising unemployment and inflation rate. The government needs to develop measures that would help to enhance the performance of the economy in terms of exchange rate, growth rate, inflation rate and also unemployment rate. Here the report has well identified the relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate of Australia. Further the report discusses the impact of monetary policy and the intervention of government undertaken to improve the unemployment rate and also inflation rate of Australia. References Abel, A. and Bernanke, B. (2001).Macroeconomics. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Abs.gov.au, (2015).1345.0 - Key Economic Indicators, 2014. [online] Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/1345.0 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2015]. BBC News, (2014).Australia jobless rate at 2002 high. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-30426343 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2015]. Creighton, A. (2014).Annual inflation rate dips to 2.3 per cent as power prices fall. [online] TheAustralian. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/economics/annual-inflation-rate-dips-to-23-per-cent-as-power-prices-fall/story-e6frg926-1227098362128?nk=bf7f213fb407e18f438c9675cd72aceb [Accessed 29 Jan. 2015]. Data.worldbank.org, (2015). GDP growth (annual %) | Data | Table. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG [Accessed 29 Jan. 2015]. Dorul, H. and Soytas, U. (2010). Relationship between oil prices, interest rate, and unemployment: Evidence from an emerging market.Energy Economics, 32(6), pp.1523-1528. Hubbard, R. and O'Brien, A. (2006).Macroeconomics. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Inflation and unemployment in economies in transition. (2000).Economic Modelling, 17(3), p.337. Karahan, . (2012). The Relationship between Inflation and Inflation Uncertainty: Evidence from the Turkish Economy.Procedia Economics and Finance, 1, pp.219-228. KELLY, G. (2000). Employment and concepts of work in the new global economy.International Labour Review, 139(1), pp.5-32. Krugman, P. and Wells, R. (2009).Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Langdana, F. (2009). Macroeconomic policy. New York: Springer. Lanne, M. and Luoto, J. (2013). Does Output Gap, Labour's Share or Unemployment Rate Drive Inflation?.Oxf Bull Econ Stat, 76(5), pp.715-726. Lehmann, E. (2011). A Search Model of Unemployment and Inflation*.The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 114(1), pp.245-266. Mankiw, N. (2007).Macroeconomics. New York: Worth Publishers. Ncoa.gov.au, (n.d.). 9.11 Unemployment benefits and the minimum wage. [online] Available at: https://www.ncoa.gov.au/report/appendix-vol-1/9-11-unemployment-benefits-minimum-wage.html [Accessed 29 Jan. 2015]. Pascoe, M. (2014). The government is failing at the limits of monetary policy. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-government-is-failing-at-the-limits-of-monetary-policy-20140820-1065y5.html [Accessed 29 Jan. 2015]. Qgso.qld.gov.au, (2015).Data Tables: Employment growth and unemployment (a)(b), Queensland and Australia, 197879 to 201314 (Queensland Government Statistician's Office, Queensland Treasury and Trade). [online] Available at: https://www.qgso.qld.gov.au/products/tables/employment-growth-unemployment-qld/index.php [Accessed 29 Jan. 2015]. Rateinflation.com, (2015). Australia Historical Inflation Rate - 2002 to 2013. [online] Available at: https://www.rateinflation.com/inflation-rate/australia-historical-inflation-rate?start-year=2002end-year=2013 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2015]. Rba.gov.au, (2015). RBA: SMP November 2013-Box B: The Increase in the Unemployment Rate. [online] Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/smp/2013/nov/html/box-b.html [Accessed 29 Jan. 2015]. ROY, S. (2011). Unemployment Rate and Divorce*.Economic Record, 87, pp.56-79. Ruge-Murcia, F. (2004). The inflation bias when the central bank targets the natural rate of unemployment.European Economic Review, 48(1), pp.91-107. Sum, V. (n.d.). Unemployment, Consumer Confidence, Business Confidence, Inflation and Monetary Policy.SSRN Journal Tradingeconomics.com, (2015).Australia Inflation Rate | 1951-2015 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/australia/inflation-cpi [Accessed 29 Jan. 2015]. Tradingeconomics.com, (2015).Australia Inflation Rate | 1951-2015 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/australia/inflation-cpi [Accessed 29 Jan. 2015]. Warne, A. and Vredin, A. (2006). Unemployment and Inflation Regimes.Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics Econometrics, 10(2).

Case Study of Child with Autism free essay sample

I became increasingly interested in Autism since I had the opportunity to work alongside kids with Autism this summer. Seeing how their minds worked and how they processed information was astounding to me. Ever since this experience, I have fallen in love with children with Autism and I am always thriving to learn more about them. With this being said, I am looking to do my research on a child with Autism. I will be looking into the question how does Autism affect language development in children? Under this broad topic I will be specifically looking into why their pragmatic language is impaired. To find my information I will interview my child’s parents. I will do my own observations both in the home and at school. Finally, I will research scholarly articles that are based off of good scientific research in my subject field. I want to become more informed about children with Autism and why their language development is impaired in the ways that it is. In doing so, I feel that I can become a more informed teacher which I can use to my advantage in my classroom. I will know how to make children with Autism that are in my class successful both in class and in social situations. Section 2: Research Article #1 Measuring Pragmatic Language in Speakers with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Comparing the Children’s Communication Checklist—2 and the Test of Pragmatic Language â€Å"1 in 165 children† (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 204). The number of children that are prevalent with some type of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) as stated by Joanne Volden and Linda Phillips. It is a statistic that is on the rise and highly debated. It is a statistic that greatly affects classrooms across the nation. And yet, how to we help these children to the best of our abilities? An aspect that is being highly overlooked is pragmatic impairments. Children with an ASD have a greater chance of having a pragmatic dysfunction than do ‘typical’ children (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 205). How do we help children that are having these issues? How do we even diagnose these types of Language Development impairments? This article points to two of the ways this is being done: The Test of Pragmatic Language and The Children’s Communication Checklist – 2. This article examines the validity of two tests: The Test of Pragmatic Language (TOPL) and The Children’s Communication Checklist – 2 (CCC – 2) (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 205). Each test was made to identify â€Å"pragmatic impairments† in children with high functioning ASD (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 205). The study identifies the difficulties that children with ASD have with pragmatic language –these children have â€Å"peculiar and out of place (communication) in ordinary conversation† (Rutter, 1965, p. 41); may â€Å"fail to develop (a) topic by contributing new, relevant information† among other minor things (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p.  204). Each test was developed to measure pragmatic dysfunctions in children so they may receive the support needed to thrive in everyday life. â€Å"Pragmatic language has proven (to be) difficult to assess†¦ (because) the (general) structure of formal testing procedures fails to capture f lexible adjustment to changing circumstances† (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 205). The TOPL test â€Å"samples a range of typically developing pragmatic behaviors† (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 205). The test compares students that have typical development pragmatic skills and students that have been diagnosed with high functioning ASD. The CCC-2, on the other hand is â€Å"designed to screen for clinically significant communication problem of any type and (identifies) pragmatic language impairments† (Phillips, Volden, 2010 p. 205-206). So while the CCC-2 does test of pragmatic language impairments it also screens for communication impairments as well. The TOPL test is scored using a summary score called the â€Å"Language Quotient† (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 207). The Language Quotient is expressed as a â€Å"standard score with a mean of 100 (SD = 15) (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p.  207). According to Phillips and Volden, Language Quotients of â€Å"70-79 are interpreted as poor, and quotients below 70 are interpreted as very poor† (2010, p. 207). The cutoff score indicating a pragmatic impairment in the child was designated as 79 (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 207). The CCC-2 on the other hand derives two composite scores that are interpreted allowing for a greater variety of information to be processed and taken into account while interpreting whether or not a child with high functioning ASD has pragmatic issues or not. These two composite scores are the GCC that is expressed by a standard score â€Å"with a mean of 100 (SD = 15) and the SIDI (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 207). If a GCC score is less than 80, it indicated a communicative impairment: not a pragmatic impairment (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 207). On the other hand, a negative SIDI score represents a pragmatic issue. â€Å"If the SIDI score is -15 or below Bishop (2003) suggests that pragmatic language impairment is present regardless of the GCC score (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 207). So what does all of this mean? It was shown that both tests can in fact show whether or not a child with high functioning ASD has an issue with pragmatics. But how valid are these tests? Both tests ended with different results. The TOPL test showed that â€Å"9 out of 16 students with ASD were pragmatically impaired† while the CCC-2 identified â€Å"13 out of the 16† (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 208). While it is known that students with ASD do in fact have pragmatic impairments is there a chance that not every student will have this type of impairment? It is hard to tell what test was more reliable in this situation for biases and cultural considerations were not taken into effect. However, it is a start. The article states that â€Å"the CCC-2 would be better at identification because the test included items designated to tap a broad range of pragmatic symptoms that are frequently reported as characteristic of ASD†¦. that would not occur in the course of typical development† (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 209). This study does prove to have a lot of vital information in regards to pragmatic dysfunctions in children with high functioning ASD. However, it does say that the study was small: â€Å"This study is limited by its small sample size and by restricting participation to those who had structural language scores within typical limits† (Phillips, Volden, 2010, p. 210). With that being said, it would not be reliable to extrapolate the information from this study to schools across the nation. This study only used children that were diagnosed as high functioning ASD. It would be important that other studies be done using children across the spectrum to see if the results were reliable. It would also be important to use other students with Intellectual Disabilities or even students that have been formally diagnosed with a Language Disorder to see how the validity of each test would withstand against these types of children. And although there is a lot that this study could have done further to prove their point, the information is still interesting and conclusive in its own regard. It is important that these types of tests continue to grow and evolve in our everyday world. If these tests can further prove to diagnose students with pragmatic impairments, it would be incredible in the world of teaching. Students with pragmatic impairments are being over looked and swept under the rug because they are not diagnosed as atypical in this aspect of Language Development. And while not all children with high functioning ASD have pragmatic impairments, there are large numbers of children that do exhibit these dysfunctions. As teachers, it is vital that these children, diagnosed with ASD or not, get the necessary treatment plans and resources to allow them to excel. Whether that be through an IEP or 504 plan, students need not be ignored because there is not a way to formally diagnose their language dysfunction. And while this article does state that the CCC-2 may be the better route to diagnose these children, it is important to use either the CCC-2 or the TOPL test rather than nothing at all as a start to diagnose a child. Once a child is assessed and diagnosed not only will that child be able to learn in the school setting but in the home setting as well. For although it may not always be good to label a child, having that label will allow for the child to have adequate and necessary treatment to allow for further success. Pragmatic dysfunctions, when treated early, can make a large impact on a child’s life. Growing up to know when the right time is to say certain things can be essential when trying to obtain a job or just talking in public. As teachers, these language issue needs to be taken into account more often and more seriously. Children are slipping through the cracks because teachers are uneducated as to how to formally diagnose and help these issues. Article #2 Brief Report: Pragmatic Language in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Relationships in Measures of Ability and Disability Pragmatic language is something that we use on a day to day basis whether we know it or not. Talking to a single person, talking to a group, or even listening to another person talk is all included in pragmatic language skills. Children, especially children with Autism, often lack pragmatic language. Children with Autism generally have more difficulties with pragmatic language than do any other children. If tested, they could even be diagnosed as having a pragmatic language dysfunction. Their speech is often considered â€Å"peculiar and out of place in ordinary conversations† and â€Å"irrelevant† (Bryson, Coolican, Garon, Volden, White, 2008, p.  388). â€Å"Pragmatics is consistently agreed upon as the domain that is specifically and universally impaired in Autism Spectrum Disorders† (Bryson, Coolican, Garon, Volden, White, 2008, p. 388). With this all being said, why is pragmatic language so often pushed to the side? Should pragmatic language be considered an important factor in considering a person’s long-term ability to function effectivel y in his or her community? Students with Autism may or may not have structural language difficulties paired with pragmatic language difficulties as well. Do structural language difficulties predict pragmatic language difficulties? This study that was done measured the â€Å"contributions of nonverbal cognitive and structural language skills to the prediction of pragmatic language scores† (Bryson, Coolican, Garon, Volden, White, 2008, p. 391). The study was done on â€Å"37 children aged 6-13 years who met the criteria of Autism/ASD† (Bryson, Coolican, Garon, Volden, White, 2008, p. 389). This study showed that pragmatic language, as measured by the TOPL, is strongly related to, but not dictated by, structural language. Structural language plays a part in pragmatic language, but it is not the driving force behind it. A student with Autism may have nearly perfect structural language but lack pragmatic language. Whereas another student may lack structural language and pragmatic language. Every student is different. These results simply state that structural language and pragmatic language are related in some way. How they are related, however, was not stated. The study also shows, as predicted, that if a child has better pragmatic skills, they were linked to fewer ASD communicative symptoms. Better pragmatic language was also linked to fewer symptoms in the social domain. These findings underscores how central the theme is between ASD symptoms and social communication. This study, done mostly on children with High-Functioning Autism, increases the evidence that children with Autism cannot help the way that they act in social settings. They cannot help that they can’t hold a conversation, among other things. Children with Autism are different: in a good way. Although they may not be able to communicate effectively and appropriately, they are so good at so many different things. Communication just happens to not necessarily be one of those things. This study has its flaws. The study should not be extrapolated to large groups, although the results are informative and interesting. The study was only done on a small sample size. The children that were selected â€Å"functioned within normal limits on most measures† (Bryson, Coolican, Garon, Volden, White, 2008, p. 392). Having a larger sample size with children of different ‘functions’ will prove to be more effective in showing the same results, assuming they will come out the same way. So, what is the point of this study? It can be stated that students with ASD have pragmatic language difficulties. It can be stated that students with ASD have structural language difficulties. It can be stated that these are intertwined within one another. But what does this all mean in the life of the child? How can this information better the life of a student wit ASD? The study suggests the importance of developing a â€Å"comprehensive (assessment) of pragmatic language to help document a person’s level of disability† (Bryson, Coolican, Garon, Volden, White, 2008, p. 392). With this information, professionals will be able to intervene in functional, community based contexts so students can develop social skills needed across all domains. Students will be able to grow individually to further their importance in their community. Should pragmatic language be considered an important factor in considering a person’s long-term ability to function effectively in his or her community? With the information given, all signs point to yes. Pragmatic language is an essential part in a student’s life. It allows students to function in everyday social situations. Students that lack pragmatic language are set back because of their inability to function ‘normally’. â€Å"It stands at the intersection of language and social skills, impairments central to defining features of ASD† (Bryson, Coolican, Garon, Volden, White, 2008, p. 391). Article # 3: Diagnostic Differences of Autism Spectrum Disorder s and Pragmatic Language Impairment Children with Autism are generally associated with having pragmatic language impairments. However, not all children that have pragmatic language impairments have Autism. So, along with difficulty in social communication settings, what else do these children have in common? Do children with Autism get labeled as having a pragmatic language impairments because they actually have a pragmatic language impairment or do their Autism symptoms overlap with those of pragmatic language impairments? Do children with Autism and children with pragmatic language impairments show comparable levels of behaviors associated with the ‘autism triad’ (Cornish, Frombonne, Reisinger, 2011, p. 1701)? The study sought out to answer these questions. The Autism triad is composed of three components. Component one involved the social and emotional aspect of development. Children with Autism in this area will have trouble with making friends, managing unstructured parts of the day, and working co-operatively. The second component is language and communication. Children with Autism will have difficulties in this area including difficulties understanding jokes and sarcasm, social use of language, literal interpretations, and body language and facial expressions. Finally, the third and final component of the Autism triad is flexibility of thought (imagination). In this area, children will struggle with coping with changes in routine and empathy. The study was done with â€Å"forty-one children with communication impairments aged 7-15 years† (Cornish, Frombonne, Reisinger, 2011, p. 1696). Each child was tested using both the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ). The purpose of these tests was to compare the scores of children with ASD and children with PLI. These tests would then show whether the children have comparable levels of behaviors associated with the autism triad. The diagnostic cut-off scores of each test were examined and measured. Overall, the results from the ADOS and SCQ showed that children with PLI have less severe impairments related to the autism triad as compared to children with ASD. However, the sub domains of these tests could not always differentiate between children with PLI and children with ASD in reference to their scores. When the combined measures were being used, it was possible to separate out the children with PLI and children with ASD that show signs of PLI.  7 cases could not be differentiated (Cornish, Frombonne, Reisinger, 2011, p. 1701). Therefore, it was concluded that using ADOS and SCQ alone were not strong predictors in differentiating between ASD and PLI. This study then goes on to support the theory that there are subtle differences between ASD and PLI. Children with PLI have â€Å"significant difficulties socializing† (Cornish, Frombonne, Reisinger, 2011, p. 1702). Because of these difficulties, ch ildren with PLI have an increased risk for problem behaviors related to Autism. The difficulties that these children have in relation to their socialization lead to an increased risk of frustration and anxiety, and in turn â€Å"an increase in expression of abnormal behaviors† (Cornish, Frombonne, Reisinger, 2011, p. 1702). This same relationship was not found in children with ASD. This may be due to the fact that children with ASD lack a sense of awareness of their surroundings and do not allow their surroundings to get to them in the way that children with PLI may. This is not true, however, of all children with ASD. This study examined children with ASD that were not diagnosed in having PLI. Children that are comorbid with ASD and PLI will experience the frustration, the anxiety, and the increased behaviors. Even some children that have ASD but not PLI could essentially still show these frustrations in social contexts. Looking back at the Autism triad after reading this article, children with PLI and children with ASD really only share equal difficulties in one area: language and communication. And not to say that this will always be what is shared amongst these two different diagnoses, but this is what will be most common amongst the two. The overlapping symptoms does not mean that children who have been diagnosed with PLI should also be diagnosed with ASD, but rather that they share common characteristics about their speech and communication, especially in social situations. Article #4 An Exploration of Causes of Non-Literal Language Problems in Individuals with Asperger Syndrome It is known that children with Autism show difficulties in pragmatic language. â€Å"One of the key features characteristic of individuals with high functioning Autism is a marked disruption to the ability to engage in social communication† (Martin McDonald, 2004, p.  311). The question that is never brought up, however, is why these children are at an increased risk for having pragmatic language difficulties. Article after article, case study after case study all talk about the signs and symptoms of pragmatic language impairments (PLI) in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). They talk about how to test for PLI and interv ention techniques that can prove to be beneficial for the child. This article explores what others do not: the why of pragmatic language. Knowing the cause of pragmatic language impairments in children should essentially lead to potential remedies to help treat children that are affected. There are two competing hypotheses that are correlated with pragmatic deficits. The first is Theory of Mind (TOM). This may be â€Å"the most prominent position on the causation of social communication in ASD† (Martin McDonald, 2004, p. 311). TOM encompasses the ability to form representations of â€Å"other individual’s mental states, and, furthermore, to use those representations to understand predict, and judge others’ utterances and behavior† (Martin McDonald, 2004, p.  312). The ability to infer mental states of another individual is pivotal in engaging in effective pragmatic communication. â€Å"Deficits in TOM have been observed in individuals with ASD across a range of age groups and IQ ability† (Martin McDonald, 2004, p. 312). The comprehension of non-literal language relies on a person ’s TOM capacity. Therefore, children with ASD who have difficulty understanding metaphors or irony in another person’s speech could essentially blame their lack of TOM. With a lack of TOM, children will not be able to communicate effectively with another person. Their speech will be egocentric and will lack empathy. The second hypothesis that is correlated with pragmatic deficits seen in children with ASD is the notion of weak central coherence (WCC). WCC is not as strong of a thesis as TOM is. WCC refers to how language is processed. It’s argued that, according to the WCC theory, â€Å"language is processed in a kind of fragmented isolation without reference to the social context in which it occurs† (Martin McDonald, 2004, p. 312). In accordance with WCC, children with ASD display difficulties when they interpret words according to the context of the sentence given. â€Å"WCC predicts that individuals with Autism should be impaired in their ability to achieve local linguistic coherence† (Martin McDonald, 2004, p. 313). Children with Autism are also less able to â€Å"draw coherence inferences, or themes across, a set of statements† (Martin McDonald, 2004, p. 313). While these two theories are seemingly informational and reliable, their validity is questionable. Therefore, a study was performed to establish validity among the two theories. â€Å"The primary aim of this study was to compare the competing theories of social interference† (Martin McDonald, 2004, p.  315). Two predictions were made about TOM and WCC: â€Å"If deficits in TOM underlie pragmatic ability, then deficits in social interference should be significantly associated with deficits in pragmatic ability. However, impairments in social inference making should not be associated with either general inference ability, or the ability to integrate perceptual information. If WCC underlies pragmatic ability, then the ability to organize perceptual details into meaningful wholes should be significantly associated with the ability to make pragmatic inferences. Furthermore, this ability should be related to the capacity to make general and social inferences, as both these abilities require the capacity of drawing together disparate sources of information to infer meaning† (Martin McDonald, 2004, p. 315). The results showed that â€Å"students with ASD were found to be impaired on both the mental inference questions and the non-mental control inference questions† (Martin McDonald, 2004, p. 325). Therefore, their difficulty with TOM reasoning extended from one activity to the next, whereas WCC was only seen a small portion of the activities performed. WCC was assessed and found to not be related to pragmatic language ability. However, this study was done solely on testing children on processing visual-spatial information. It is unclear and not studied whether WCC would play a role â€Å"in the processing of auditory verbal information† in accordance with pragmatic communication (Martin McDonald, 2004, p. 326). More research, of course, would have to be done to replicate the information done in this study. This small sample size that was used has limited power in showing the true difference between the two competing theories that are TOM and WCC. Furthermore, with more research, it could be shown what other types of language deficits are applicable using these explanations. Article #5: The Social Communication Intervention Project: A randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of speech and language therapy for school-age children who have pragmatic and social communication problems with or without autism spectrum disorder There has recently been a strong push to increase language therapy for students with Pragmatic Language Impairments (PLI). Pragmatic language is an underexplored field that has increasing numbers of diagnoses year to year. No real therapy is implemented in school systems for children that have PLI. â€Å"There is little robust evidence of effectiveness of speech-language interventions which target the language, pragmatic or social communication needs of these children† (Adams, Earl, Freed, Gailet, Green, Law, Lockton, McBean, Nash, Vail, 2012, p 233). This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of one particular type of language therapy aimed at children with PLI with or without Autism Spectrum Disorder. The aims of the study at hand were to â€Å"examine the effectiveness of an intensive manualized social communication speech and language intervention in improving language skills and observed pragmatic ability† (Adams, Earl, Freed, Gailet, Green, Law, Lockton, McBean, Nash, Vail, 2012, p 233). The study that was performed was a small-scale randomized controlled trial. The trial was aimed to compare the effects of Social Communication Intervention (SCIP) compared with treatment as usual (TAU) on a standardized language assessment. Children either received SCIP intervention or TAU intervention. The results then showed what type of intervention was more effective for children with PLI. Participants that received SCIP ceased all other intervention programs when they began this formal intervention program. Children that were receiving SCIP sat down for â€Å"16 to 20 individual face-to-face one hour sessions of intervention in school over the course of one school term† (Adams, Earl, Freed, Gailet, Green, Law, Lockton, McBean, Nash, Vail, 2012, p 236). Each child received an individualized intervention strategy that was derived from a manual as to ensure that intervention was consistent amongst all participants. Two specialist speech and language therapists and five specially trained therapy assistants delivered the experimental treatment. Children that received TAU continued with their regular/typical treatment that was being provided by their local speech and language therapy services. After the children had finished their intervention treatment plan for their pragmatic language impairment, they took the CLEF-4 to measure their general language ability. The participants also took a secondary outcome measure titled the Targeted Observation of Pragmatics in Children’s Conversation (TOPICC). The outcomes of the CLEF-4 along with secondary measures did not show a significant intervention effect for SCIP compared with TAU. The article does state, however, that â€Å"the overall conclusion provided in SCIP is effective at improving overall conversational quality in 6-11 year olds who have significant pragmatic and social communication needs compared with TAU† (Adams, Earl, Freed, Gailet, Green, Law, Lockton, McBean, Nash, Vail, 2012, p 242). These conclusions do not match the evidence that the study provides, however. This may be due to the fact that the children that were selected for this individualized intervention program were so diverse in their backgrounds and diagnoses. This sample was also small. Providing more research with a more consistent group may show results more of what the study intended. The amount of therapy was also constrained by the study. In reality, some of the children may have needed more or less therapy to achieve maximum potential. Although the results of the study were not consistent with the conclusion, the article does make some good points. More research must be done to show the effects of a structured individualized intervention program for students with PLI and ASD. With the increasing numbers of ASD diagnoses, PLI diagnoses soon too will be on the rise. Children deserve the best possible intervention and therapy needed, so why are children with PLI getting cut short of this due to lack of research? In the upcoming years, there is sure to be more done on this particular topic to ensure that students will in fact receive the treatment that they need. Section 3: Data Collection I had the opportunity to work with a student that I taught over the summer. ‘A’ is 8 years old and is in third grade. He is an energetic, fun, loving boy. A has Autism and trouble with his pragmatic language. Although A has never been formally diagnosed with a Pragmatic Language Impairment, it is evident that he shows the signs and symptoms. As discussed in the interview paper, A’s mother does not want him to be diagnosed with PLI for she does not want him to have another label on top of the others he already has. As I mentioned, I observed A first over the summer while I taught him at a camp which was for students with Autism and social difficulties. At first, A was a quiet and compliant student for the first week or so. However, I later found out he was only testing the waters. After A felt comfortable in the classroom, he swore on a regular basis, had social outbursts, never raised his hand, etc. A went from being an angel to one of the most difficult children in the classroom. I was baffled as to what we were supposed to do. On a regular basis, A was talking out of turn and was talking in ways not appropriate for students of his age. I also observed that A, when talking with a peer, did not allow his peer to engage in a conversation with him. It was a one-sided conversation, all with A talking. After talking to A’s mother about our concerns, I, along with my other classroom staff members, came up with a positive behavior plan that A used in his classroom and at home. I distinctly remember A’s mother telling us that she was so sorry that he was acting the way that we was and that it was probably because he wasn’t in his typical routine. I also remember her telling us that once we put into action this behavior plan that his pragmatic language difficulties would slightly decrease. And, just like she had promised, they did. A still swore when he was frustrated but instead of condemning him for this, we applauded him for using his words to communicate. However, we then asked him why he would use the words that he chose and once he calmed down we would ask him if he felt those words were appropriate for the context he used them. We would then brain storm together ideas of words that he could use instead of the swear words (or even inappropriate words). We would then replay the situation and A would use the words that were brainstormed rather than the original words that he chose. Another thing we began to do, not just with A, but with all of our children in our classroom was to use a tennis ball when having a conversation. We encouraged the children to pass the tennis ball back and forth when they were talking with one another to discourage one sided conversations. We told the children that they should not have the tennis ball the whole time they were talking and that you could only talk for long sentences if you had the tennis ball in your hands. We saw a great improvement not only in A’s conversations but in the conversations in all of the children as well. Along with my experiences with A over the summer, I got to see A in his classroom this year. Although I only got to spend a little over two hours with him, I saw a lot of the same techniques used over the summer in his classroom here as well. I think this is because of what his mother said to us over the summer: A does well with a consistent routine. The thing that I found interesting about A in his classroom is that his Therapeutic Support Staff (TSS) was the one who would talk to A if he had an outbreak. I am sure that this is because the teacher does not always have time to sit down and talk to A individually, but I personally feel that it is important to help shape A’s pragmatic language. Finally, I observed A in his home as well. I feel that A acts different in his home than in school because he knows how to push his mom and dad’s buttons. They of course use the same techniques in the classroom as they do at home. However, they are more firm with him. They expect a lot out of A. It is extremely evident that they love and care for him and they only want the best for him. That is why they have gone to such extreme measures to make him be as successful as possible in regards to his pragmatic language. (Checklist Attached from Observation) Section 4 Interview A=Student Where do you see (student) have the most difficulties with pragmatic language (i. e. in the classroom, at home, out in public)? -We feel that A has the most trouble with his pragmatic lang